diff --git a/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer.go b/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer.go
index 9279b0f7..43b36ba6 100644
--- a/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer.go
+++ b/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer.go
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ func literal(value any) string {
 	}
 	switch typed := value.(type) {
 	case time.Time:
-		return "'" + typed.UTC().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000") + "'"
+		return strconv.FormatInt(typed.UnixMilli(), 10)
 	case string:
 		return "'" + quote(typed) + "'"
 	case envelope.ParseStatus:
diff --git a/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer_test.go b/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer_test.go
index 5f044928..13b6c94a 100644
--- a/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer_test.go
+++ b/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/history/writer_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"lingniu-vehicle-ingest/go/vehicle-gateway/internal/envelope"
 )
@@ -151,6 +152,14 @@ func TestWriterLeavesParsedJSONEmptyWhenNoParsedPayload(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestTimeLiteralsUseEpochMilliseconds(t *testing.T) {
+	value := time.Date(2026, 7, 3, 1, 12, 59, 77_000_000, time.UTC)
+
+	if got, want := literal(value), "1783041179077"; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("time literal = %s, want %s", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriterSkipsSparseDerivedRows(t *testing.T) {
 	exec := &recordingExec{}
 	writer := NewWriter(exec)